IMPACT OF TOURISM LEAKAGE AS PERCEIVED BY THE LOCAL TOURISTS IN INTRAMUROS, MANILA: BASIS FOR ENHANCEMENT PLAN

Abstract

The study underscores the importance of understanding local perspectives in safeguarding cultural heritage, particularly in addressing cultural leakage—the erosion of indigenous traditions due to external cultural influences. In the Philippines, this phenomenon poses challenges to preserving native customs, notably in historic sites like Intramuros, Manila.​  Intramuros, once the heart of Spanish colonial Manila, showcases the Philippines' rich cultural heritage. However, the influx of foreign customs and values has contributed to cultural leakage, diluting the area's historical significance. This underscores the need for initiatives that promote and preserve indigenous culture.​  Addressing cultural leakage requires a comprehensive approach that includes community engagement, education, and sustainable tourism practices. By involving local communities in preservation efforts and fostering awareness among tourists about the importance of cultural heritage, it is possible to mitigate the adverse effects of cultural leakage and ensure the enduring legacy of sites like Intramuros. This chapter delineates the research methodology employed in the study, encompassing the research design, sampling method, data collection instruments, and procedures adhered to during the research process.​  Research Design:  The study utilized a descriptive research design, aiming to systematically describe the characteristics of the subject matter without influencing it. This approach is effective in obtaining information to depict existing conditions, identify patterns, and generate hypotheses for further investigation. ​   Sampling Method:  A purposive sampling technique was employed to select participants who possess specific characteristics pertinent to the study. This non-probability sampling method is effective when the researcher intends to focus on particular subsets of the population that are most informative.​  Data Collection Instrument:  The primary instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire, designed to gather both quantitative and qualitative data relevant to the research objectives. The questionnaire comprised closed-ended questions to facilitate statistical analysis and open-ended questions to capture detailed responses. Prior to administration, the instrument underwent a pilot test to assess its validity and reliability, ensuring that the questions were clear, unbiased, and capable of eliciting the desired information.​  Data Collection Procedure:  The data collection process involved several key steps:​  Preparation: Securing necessary permissions from relevant authorities and institutions, and informing participants about the study's purpose, procedures, and ethical considerations.​  Administration: Distributing the questionnaires to the selected participants, providing clear instructions, and ensuring a conducive environment for completion.​  Follow-up: Monitoring the response rate, sending reminders to non-respondents, and addressing any queries or concerns raised by participants.​  Collection: Retrieving the completed questionnaires within the stipulated timeframe, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of the responses.​  Data Analysis:  Upon collection, the data were organized and subjected to appropriate statistical analyses. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to summarize and interpret the findings, while qualitative responses were examined through thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and insights. The results were then presented in a coherent manner, aligning with the research questions and objectives.​ This study employs a descriptive research methodology to assess the impact of tourism leakage determinants on local residents in Intramuros, Manila. Descriptive research systematically describes characteristics of a population or phenomenon, addressing questions such as "who," "what," "when," "where," and "how," but not "why." This approach is particularly effective in providing factual and accurate portrayals of existing conditions without manipulating the study environment. ​ In this context, tourism leakage refers to the process by which revenue generated from tourism is lost to other economies, often due to foreign ownership of tourism-related businesses, importation of goods and services, and employment of non-local labor. This phenomenon can significantly reduce the economic benefits of tourism for local communities, as substantial portions of tourism income may not remain within the host economy.​  By employing a descriptive research design, this study aims to assess the extent to which tourism leakage affects local residents in Intramuros. The data collected through surveys will provide insights into the specific determinants of tourism leakage in this historic district, enabling the identification of patterns and informing strategies to enhance the retention of tourism revenue within the local economy. This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations regarding the impact of tourism leakage as perceived by local tourists in Intramuros, Manila.​  Summary of Findings:  The study identified several key factors contributing to tourism leakage in Intramuros:​  Economic Leakage: A significant portion of tourism revenue is lost due to foreign ownership of tourism-related businesses, importation of goods and services, and employment of non-local labor. This diminishes the economic benefits for the local community.​  Cultural Erosion: The influx of tourists has led to the commercialization of cultural practices, potentially diluting the authenticity of local traditions and values.​  Resource Strain: Increased tourist activity has placed pressure on local infrastructure and resources, leading to challenges such as traffic congestion and environmental degradation.​  Conclusions:  Tourism in Intramuros presents both opportunities and challenges:​  Opportunities: Tourism has stimulated economic growth by creating jobs and generating revenue for local businesses, contributing to the preservation of cultural heritage sites.​  Challenges: Economic leakage, cultural erosion, and resource strain have hindered the full potential of tourism benefits for the local community.​  Recommendations:  To mitigate tourism leakage and enhance benefits for the local community, the following measures are recommended:  Promote Local Ownership: Encourage local entrepreneurship in tourism-related businesses to retain economic benefits within the community.​  Cultural Preservation: Implement programs that safeguard and promote authentic cultural practices, ensuring that tourism development respects and enhances local traditions.​  Sustainable Tourism Practices: Develop infrastructure and policies that manage tourist flows and resource use sustainably, minimizing negative environmental impacts.​  By addressing these areas, Intramuros can optimize the positive impacts of tourism while minimizing leakage, thereby fostering sustainable development and enriching the experiences of both locals and visitors.