DEVELOPMENT OF VERTICAL HYDROPONICS FARMING TECHNOLOGY USING ARDUINO MEGA 2560 WITH AUTOMATED DISPENSING SYSTEM

Abstract

This research addresses environmental challenges and the increasing demand for sustainable food production by developing a vertical hydroponics farming system. The system utilizes Arduino Mega 2560 and ESP-32 microcontrollers to automate the dispensing of water and nutrients. It integrates sensors for temperature, pH level, and ultrasonic detection to optimize irrigation and nutrient delivery continuously. Additional features include IoT-based remote monitoring through a Telegram Bot and an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) powered by a solar backup system, which ensures reliable and uninterrupted operation. This technology is designed to support applications in indoor farming, greenhouses, rooftops, and vertical gardens, ultimately contributing to improved local food production and food security. The study employs the experimental prototype development method to construct the automated vertical hydroponics farming system. One Arduino Mega 2560 and one ESP-32 microcontroller are used to manage core functions, including water and nutrient dispensing, real-time monitoring, and IoT communication. Integrated sensors: temperature, pH, and ultrasonic, provide accurate environmental data to guide automated control. Remote access and monitoring are facilitated via a Telegram Bot. System evaluation is conducted using a structured questionnaire, with responses measured through a 4-point Likert scale and analyzed using the General Weighted Mean to assess functionality, usability, and reliability. The prototype was successfully developed, incorporating sensor feedback, automation, and IoT-based remote control. System schematics and detailed 3D visualizations documented the design. Results from user feedback indicated a “Very Good” overall rating, especially in system responsiveness and user interface. The sensors maintained accurate environmental monitoring, and the automated dispensing system operated as expected, delivering consistent water and nutrient levels. Minor limitations included occasional sensor delays and the need for specific calibration for different crop types. Despite these, the system proved functional and reliable in both indoor and urban applications. The study demonstrates that integrating microcontrollers, sensors, and IoT-based automation into a vertical hydroponics setup can effectively support sustainable agriculture in limited-space environments. The system achieved efficient resource utilization and consistent crop maintenance, while the solar-powered ATS ensured continuous operation. Although some improvements in calibration and sensor responsiveness are needed, the project presents a scalable and eco-friendly model for urban farming that aligns with sustainable development goals.