Bioactive Components, Antioxidant, Anti-urolithiatic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Brown Algae, Sargassum binderi Ethanolic Extract Using Multiple in Vitro Assays

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Kidney stone is the third most common problem of urinary tract in the world (Agarwal and Varma, 2014). Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals are considered as major mediators in the formation of kidney stones. Since Sargassum species have the ability to inhibit the formation of calcium oxalate through the its phytochemicals, this motivated the researcher to determine the antioxidant, antiurolithiatic, anti-inflammatory activities of Sargassum binderi ethanolic extract, abundant in the province of Neg. Occ., Philippines.

METHODS

The extract of S. binderi was obtained through ethanolic extraction while its bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity were determined by qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, Gas Chromatography and DPPH Assay respectively. Afterwards, varying treatments were prepared with varying concentrations (500ppm, 1000ppm, 1500ppm and 2000ppm) of S. binderi extract and Potassium citrate solution (+ control) and used in nucleation, growth, aggregation and protein denaturation assays.

RESULTS

Based on the result, the S. binderi ethanolic extract contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, sulfated polysaccharide, α-tocopherol, α-Tocopherol quinone, arachidonic acid and squalene. The said extract wasable to scavenge 7.8659-49.3230% of DPPH radicals, showed antiurolithiatic activity on CaOx particles, and inhibited the protein denaturation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, DMRT at 0.05α revealed that the ethanolic extract at higher concentrations is comparable to the + control.

DISCUSSIONS

Based on the results, Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins disaggregated the suspension of mucoproteins, the promoters of crystallization (Gurocak et al. 2006). S. binderi ethanolic extract contains sulfated polysaccharide, inhibiting the formation of Ox crystals (Melo et al., 2013). Lastly, α-tocopherol, α-Tocopherolquinone, arachidonic acid and squalene increase the intestinal absorption of Ox and the clearance of Ox in kidneys (Naya et al., 2002). These are also known to have anti-inflammatory activities (Singh and Jialal, 2004). Some studies show that treatments with antioxidants and free-radical scavengers, found in S. binderi extract, reduce Ox/CaOx crystal-induced injuries (Bashir et al., 2009; Vanachayangkul et al. 2010). Therefore, the results of this study can be used in developing a new and possibly more efficient way to treat urolithiasis and inflammation.